Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): GlobalIssues.org, Last updated: Saturday, July 03, 2004
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it? Shell oil companies have worsened the arguments between the people who live by the oil and the military forces. It explains how oil companies have come in to strike oil and the villages not wanting that. The military only sees money so they are pretty much getting rid of the people who live on the Niger Delta. The military is taking over to modernize Nigeria and to do that they are wiping out the people that live on the delta.
What information did you find useful in the article? It shows how the villages are fighting for their rights and how they want to be left alone, but the United States is actually causing more corruption by making people in the country fight against each other.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not. Yes I would recommend this to others because it shows why people are being killed and what is going to stop it.
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): Authorsden.com
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it? This article is about a girl who survived the Rwandan Holocaust. It describes how she survived in a bathroom with seven other women for 91 days to avoid the mobs of Hutus.
What information did you find useful in the article? Information in this article was very useful. It tells a lot about how people live and survive during the genocide.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not. I would recommend this article because it doesn’t just tell about the genocide, but it describes it through the story of a survivor.
Article title: No end to sight in Darfur's misery.
Author:
Where article is from?No end in sight to Darfur's misery. Economist, 00130613, 7/8/2006, Vol. 380, Issue 8485
Summary: It explains how the Sudanese government will not let help come in from UN still. They refuse the help. Because an agreement was not signed with Nigeria more fighting and killing is occurring.
Useful info: This article focuses on government andwhy it is affecting the genocide in Darfur and Nigeria. This is useful because it explains why genocide is continuing.
Recommendation: Yes I recommend this article because it has useful information but it also tells you what is going on in the world right now.
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): New Leader, 00286044, 02/08/99, Vol. 82, Issue 2
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it? “Africans killing African, what else is new?” This is what many people back in 1994 described as genocide in Africa. One major conflict was in Rwanda between the Hum majority and the Tutsi minority. They overlapped territory and shared language and religion. This lead to the Hutus’ trying to kill off all the Tutsi’s.
What information did you find useful in the article? I found it useful to learn why the Hutus wanted to kill off all the Tutsi’s around them. It also shows different parts of Africa that have to deal with genocide.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not. Yes, I think it’s very helpful in the understanding of African genocide. It gives you the understanding of the combat going on between Africans.
Article title: The Uganda Genocide/ the International Respond
Author: Ana Vargas, Brody Evans, Ricky Ahumada and Taylor Wagner
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): First published 3/22/07
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it? The genocide in Uganda started in 1960 and is still going on today. The killings have dramatically dropped and AIDS in now a major factor in genocide. People were killed for many different reasons and since 1960 one third of the population has been exterminated. Many people blame the LRA and Idi Amin for the start of African Genocide.
What information did you find useful in the article? I found it useful that they included dates of the start of genocide and the numbers of people that were killed. That help me realize how long this is actually been going on and how many people were affected by it.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not. Yes, like I said I found it very useful in understanding how long this has been taking place and how many people were affected.
Despite the dispatch of UN peacekeepers to Darfur and the issuing of international arrest warrants for leaders of the genocide, the killing goes on. So does the burning of villages, the bombing of schools and the systematic rape of women and girls. And it will continue until the Security Council shows the will to stop it.
The council needs to get more peacekeepers, helicopters and reconnaissance planes in the field, enforce the arrest warrants and increase diplomatic and financial pressure to get Sudan to stop obstructing the work of the peacekeepers. But the Council has shown little urgency in doing any of that.
Thwarted by Sudan and the United Nations' own bureaucratic rules, far less than half of an anticipated force of 26,000 international soldiers and police officers is now in Darfur. That is too small to protect the population, or even the peacekeepers themselves. An additional 100,000 people have been forced from their homes since the peacekeepers began arriving in January.
The council (and separately the European Union) must ensure that Khartoum's leaders pay a price for their cruelty - through expanded visa and financial sanctions against those coordinating the genocide as well as an expanded arms embargo. The International Criminal Court should get strong backing from the council when it presents further charges next month.
Responsibility for the Darfur horrors lies squarely with the government of Sudan. Its army, air force and intelligence agencies have directly participated in the attacks. Ministers have coordinated the genocidal campaign. Ahmad Harun, sought by the International Criminal Court for planning atrocities while the deputy interior minister, has been promoted to minister of humanitarian affairs. He used that position to block the delivery of aid to Darfur refugee camps and to thwart the effective deployment of UN peacekeepers. Today in Opinion America's next president: Barack Obama Another thumb on the scales So little time, so much damage
But a minority of council members, led by China, have let their economic interests - in Beijing's case substantial investments in Sudan's abundant oil supplies - trump their moral and legal responsibility to thwart genocide. Last week, China's president, Hu Jintao, used stronger-than-usual language to urge Khartoum to cooperate with UN peacekeepers and enforce a cease-fire in Darfur.
If China is prepared to back up those words with a tougher line in the Security Council, it could make a huge difference.
The Bush administration has its heart in the right place on Darfur.
Its special envoy, Richard Williamson, has been a strong advocate for action, and Washington has imposed stiff sanctions of its own. But what's needed is stronger action by the council as a whole.
Darfur's plight is not yet hopeless, but without greater international commitment it may become so. As the criminal court's prosecutor told the Security Council on June 5, it takes a lot of planning and organization to commit massive crimes.
"But mostly," he said, "it requires that the rest of the world look away and do nothing."
Article title : Genocide in Rwanda - 1994 - 800,000 Deaths
Beginning on April 6, 1994, and for the next hundred days, up to 800,000 Tutsis were killed by Hutu militia using clubs and machetes, with as many as 10,000 killed each day.
Rwanda is one of the smallest countries in Central Africa, with just 7 million people, and is comprised of two main ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi. Although the Hutus account for 90 percent of the population, in the past, the Tutsi minority was considered the aristocracy of Rwanda and dominated Hutu peasants for decades, especially while Rwanda was under Belgian colonial rule.
Following independence from Belgium in 1962, the Hutu majority seized power and reversed the roles, oppressing the Tutsis through systematic discrimination and acts of violence. As a result, over 200,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring countries and formed a rebel guerrilla army, the Rwandan Patriotic Front.
In 1990, this rebel army invaded Rwanda and forced Hutu President Juvenal Habyalimana into signing an accord that mandated that the Hutus and Tutsis would share power.
Where article is from? New Zealand International Review; Nov2008, Vol. 33 Issue 6, p2-6, 5p
Summary: The article discusses the implications for New Zealand of moves to outlaw aggression. In the course of political history, aggression and conflict were accepted as a normal feature of societal and inter-societal life. With the International Crimes and Criminal Court Act 2002, it is a crime in domestic law for a New Zealand citizen to commit or order any act of genocide, war crime or crime against humanity.
Useful: This is a useful article because it explains how they are trying to prevent genocide in New Zealand.
Recommend: Yes I would recommend this article. While genocide is going on they are trying to prevent it also.
Article Title: THE ORDER OF GENOCIDE: RACE, POWER, AND WAR IN RWANDA.
Where Article is from? Africa Today; Summer2008, Vol. 54 Issue 4, p116-119, 4p
Author: Jennie Burnet
Summary: The article is about the book "The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda". It explains what went on during the war in Rwanda. Like how many people were killed, the causes of the genocide, and how things are being solved still to this day.
Useful?: Yes this article explained things I did not know before.
Recommend: Yes this is the article I actually retained information from.
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): The Nation/ July 12, 2004
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it? The article is mainly about how in order to stop the genocide in Darfur Washington must first intervene. The Bush administration is hesitant to do anything because of the possible peace agreements between the north and the south. They also want to have access to oil in Sudan and are trying not to ruin their chances of gaining in on the wealth.
What information did you find useful in the article? The information in this article wasn’t very useful. There wasn’t enough background, and it focused too much on what other countries should be doing, and not on what is actually happening in Darfur.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not. I would not recommend this article to other students because all of this information can be found elsewhere. Also, it wasn’t very informative.
Article title: Making Genocide in Darfur Personal
Author: Ty Burr
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): The Boston Globe/ August 17, 2007
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it? This article is about a documentary made that focuses on the genocide in Darfur. The documentary was made to raise awareness about the genocide. It also mentions the explicitness of his photos and how having them be shown can change a person’s view on the subject.
What information did you find useful in the article? The information isn’t very useful, but it was interesting and worth the read.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not. I would recommend it to other students because I thought it seemed like an interesting documentary, and it was intriguing to read about.
Article title: Backlash against Market-Dominant Minorities
Author: Amy Chua
In numerous situations, "democratization in the face of a market dominant minority has led the to government-encouraged attempts to "cleanse" the country in the minority altogether." On of the stategies that the government takes to do so is genocide. Most of the time genocide is triggered by a, "economic crisis, a border war, or the fortuitous rise of a particularly effective, hate-filled demagogue."
The Rwanda Genocide is a great example of, "the most extreme form od majority-supported, democracy-assisted efforts to exterminate an economically dominant ethnic minority." Rwanda is city in Africa is about 85 percent Hutus (cultivators) and 14 percent Tutsis (herdsmen). When a Tutsis leader, Mwame Kigeri Rwabugiri ascended the Rwandan throne, "the stratification between Hutus and Tutsis intensified." Rwanda became od feudal kingdom where the Tutsis were the overlords and the Hutus were their vassals. This caused turmoil between the people,which led to the Rwanda Genocide.
The village is still smouldering. A girl combs through the remains of a burnt-down hut with her bare hands, trying to salvage knife blades and rakes that were not consumed by the fire. Two women, with tears in their eyes, have broken down in front of a pile of ash, wailing violently.
A band of youths is patrolling the ruins near Koukou-Angarana, bows and arrows slung over their shoulders, boomerangs and knives at the ready. But their decision to form a self-defence group has come too late. The Arab horsemen who swept through the village on their bloody rampage have long since vanished.
It is a tragically familiar scene in Darfur, the province of western Sudan where more than 200,000 people have been killed and at least two million brutally forced from their homes - a genocide unleashed and sustained by the Islamist government in Khartoum - but this man-made inferno now sweeping across the plains is taking place across the Sudanese border in Chad. The pattern is identical to events in Darfur, where the well-armed Arab raiders allied to the Sudanese government set villages ablaze, rape the women, and leave a trail of dead black Africans in their wake. Just as in Darfur, the Sudanese government is being accused of being behind the violence in Chad, an accusation which is rejected by Khartoum.
Mahamat Abdurasset surveys the steaming rubble of Aradipe, a remote Chadian village close to the Sudanese border. His village was attacked by a force of 500 Arab militiamen. "We knew most of them. They are from this village," said Mr Abdurasset, the leader of the self-defence group, pointing to a cluster of huts right next to Aradipe.
About 90,000 Chadians have fled their villages to find shelter in nearby towns, with many of them arriving in camps already crowded with 232,000 refugees who fled the violence in Darfur.
The wave of ethnic cleansing began in eastern Chad at the end of last month. But the most recent attacks around the small town of Koukou-Angarana have raised the stakes. For the first time, the Arab militia have targeted camps for refugees and internally displaced people. And for the first time the Chadian army, which until last week was engaged in a campaign against several rebel groups in the Abeche region, 250 miles north of here, took on the militia.
In the latest violence yesterday, the houses of local aid workers living in Koukou-Angarana were burnt down.
Over the weekend, several villages around Koukou-Angarana, and the outskirts of the town, were raided. The Chadian Communications Minister, Hourmadji Moussa Doumgor, said 40 people were killed in the raids on the settlements of Aradipe and Habile. He said eight Chadian soldiers had their eyes gouged out and one civilian was burnt to death. The claims of mutilations could not be independently verified. The United Nations refugee agency said that during heavy fighting around Habile, 22 villagers and internally displaced Chadians were killed, and 93 homes were burnt.
According to Mr Abdurasset, whose village is four miles east of Koukou-Angarana, two columns of Arabs made their first attack on Aradipe on Friday morning. "They were armed with automatic rifles and bazookas and rode on horses and camels," he said. "Some of them were in Sudanese uniforms. They shot at everything that moved, and then drove our cattle away."
On Friday evening, he said, the Arabs evacuated their women and children and packed up their belongings from the neighbouring village, which, a day later, stood untouched and eerily quiet. The next morning, the Arabs attacked Aradipe again and burnt it down.
Most of the villagers had fled on Friday to the Goz Amer refugee camp, which already houses more than 18,000 Darfur refugees. The camp was attacked and partially burnt. Eight Sudanese were killed, said Chadian officials.
"We had very good relations with the Arabs in the nearby village. There were even a few inter-marriages," Mr Abdurasset said, as other young men nodded in agreement. "The trouble started at the end of November, when the Arabs prevented us from going to our fields and threatened attacks on our village."
As he spoke, thick white plumes of smoke were billowing on the horizon. Mr Abdurasset said the smoke was rising from the next village, five miles away. "We have reports that is being attacked right now," he said.
Koukou-Angarana has taken in 8,000 displaced Chadians in recent weeks. At army headquarters in the town, Bourdami Abdurahman, the mayor, echoed his government's accusation that the Sudanese government wants to annex eastern Chad. "The Sudanese government has forged a coalition of 21 Chadian ethnic groups who consider themselves Arabs. Khartoum wants to transform Chad into a fundamentalist Islamic country," he said.
The Communications Minister, said yesterday that the Chadian army took four prisoners, while the mayor said that soldiers had captured new weapons from the militia. They say this bolsters their claim that the Sudanese government is arming the Janjaweed militia and the Chadian rebels, who are fighting to end the 16-year rule of President Idriss Déby. Chadian officials, however, have produced no proof of their claims. So the Arab militia remain strangely faceless, since the attackers carry their injured from the battlefield and retrieve their dead in the night.
article title : Africa: Genocide Survivors Should Be Given Fundamental Right to Live
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The New Times (Kigali)
OPINION 18 April 2008 Posted to the web 18 April 2008
Emmy Nuwamanya Kigali
Rwanda like most African countries is undergoing a remarkable change in many fields. Though not immune to some challenges, Rwanda has also managed to establish good governance and democracy.
Surprisingly though, many foreign nations are borrowing a leaf from the post genocide Rwanda. This is definitely a symbol of success that the country can boast for. The whole world had correctly realized that human dignity had lost meaning during the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
Challenges however, are still enormous as survivours are still being pursued by those who never accomplished their grave mission. The aftermath of a horrific crime against humanity cannot easily die down; widows and orphans are many and need help.
David MacRae, who headed a Delegation of the European Commission which was in Rwanda in September 2007 said:
"Rwanda has experienced the worst not very long ago, today with you, it is experiencing the best".
The 'best' which is even seen by the international community will receive more recognition if all Rwandans themselves first respect human dignity in full. We need to prepare a bright future by respect human rights.
Rwanda continues to have children who have experienced a difficult social back ground; as war orphans, poverty, diseases, and lack of foster families.
Giving such children a chance to live and helping other vulnerable groups of people, would be a serious step in fighting for human dignity.
Most children need adult mentors as witnessed in Ngoma Village, of the southern province that has about 167 genocide orphans living in child headed households.
Orphans, country wide face enormous problems that include preparing meals and school work at the same time. They lead a scaring solitude life.
"Every time we approach holidays I develop bad feelings about finding an empty and an insecure home", said one of the 85 orphans at Gisimba memorial Orphanage in Nyamirambo. At local level, more efforts are needed to identify standing issues affecting genocide survivours and other vulnerable groups. Survivours' rights including the universal one, to live, must be respected.
What is encouraging however is that different organizations are addressing this issue with great zeal. This of course does not rule out the fact that there much to do in handling people who are still pursuing and killing survivours.
They must be dealt with, seriously. As remarked by the president of IBUKA association during the function to mark the fourteenth anniversary of the Tutsi Genocide; the unspeakable behaviour requires much attention and measures to protect Tutsi survivours so that they may remain with a pride to be Rwandans.
"Fourteen years after this painful history, every mourning period has tried to change the lives of many Rwandans. Most Rwandans unlike in the early post genocide period have started striving to achieve lasting improvements in the quality of life they were deprived of, during the bad regimes that promoted the genocide ideology", IBUKA president.
Rwanda, now seen as a visionary country and having tied with many nations and organizations, brings hope in uniting citizens, adding meaning and value to their lives.
It has streamlined the justice system to accommodate the needs of perpetrators and those of the survivours at the same time.
Indeed, many survivours, Rwandans in general and the international community believe that justice together with the process of unity and reconciliation will prolong the cause for respecting human dignity. The international community will have no option but to cooperate and help Rwanda in its development programs, as stated in the Rwandan Millennium Development Goals.
International and national humanitarian organizations that have always promoted the rights and interests of the world's vulnerable groups, including children and widows, also need to be relied on, in promoting advocacy for their community centered development activities.
The possibility to have all people respecting each other and giving chance for positive changes is still being hampered by the genocide ideology.
Many people have always asked themselves why, one, after being pardoned for the worst crimes against humanity, still goes on to kill the same person who has undertaken this merciful gesture.
Relevant Links
Central Africa International Organizations and Africa Rwanda Sustainable Development
Despite all this, Rwanda remains optimistic that at some point, all we be alright and the society will be free from genocide related crimes.
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): New York Amsterdam News, 00287121, 8/16/2007, Vol. 98, Issue 34
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it? This article is about a woman named Jacqueline Murekatete. She is the only survivor in her family after all of them were killed in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Jacqueline is trying to show everyone that genocide in a global crime and is the worst crime of all and that it just doesn’t occur in Africa. You are basically being killed for being yourself and that’s just wrong.
What information did you find useful in the article? Yes because you got a chance to listen to a story of a victim of genocide instead of just statistics about it. I also learned that genocide takes place all over the world and not just in Africa.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not. Yes I would recommend it to other students because it gives you a feel of how this poor woman has to live her life now because she and her family were victims of genocide.
17 comments:
Article title: Nigeria and Oil- Global Issues
Author: Anup Shah
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): GlobalIssues.org, Last updated: Saturday, July 03, 2004
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it? Shell oil companies have worsened the arguments between the people who live by the oil and the military forces. It explains how oil companies have come in to strike oil and the villages not wanting that. The military only sees money so they are pretty much getting rid of the people who live on the Niger Delta. The military is taking over to modernize Nigeria and to do that they are wiping out the people that live on the delta.
What information did you find useful in the article? It shows how the villages are fighting for their rights and how they want to be left alone, but the United States is actually causing more corruption by making people in the country fight against each other.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not. Yes I would recommend this to others because it shows why people are being killed and what is going to stop it.
Article title: Genocide in Africa
Author: Veronica Hosking
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): Authorsden.com
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it?
This article is about a girl who survived the Rwandan Holocaust. It describes how she survived in a bathroom with seven other women for 91 days to avoid the mobs of Hutus.
What information did you find useful in the article?
Information in this article was very useful. It tells a lot about how people live and survive during the genocide.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not.
I would recommend this article because it doesn’t just tell about the genocide, but it describes it through the story of a survivor.
Article title: No end to sight in Darfur's misery.
Author:
Where article is from?No end in sight to Darfur's misery. Economist, 00130613, 7/8/2006, Vol. 380, Issue 8485
Summary: It explains how the Sudanese government will not let help come in from UN still. They refuse the help. Because an agreement was not signed with Nigeria more fighting and killing is occurring.
Useful info: This article focuses on government andwhy it is affecting the genocide in Darfur and Nigeria. This is useful because it explains why genocide is continuing.
Recommendation: Yes I recommend this article because it has useful information but it also tells you what is going on in the world right now.
Kayla Mason
Article title: Confronting an African Genocide
Author: Weiss, Hebert
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): New Leader, 00286044, 02/08/99, Vol. 82, Issue 2
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it?
“Africans killing African, what else is new?” This is what many people back in 1994 described as genocide in Africa. One major conflict was in Rwanda between the Hum majority and the Tutsi minority. They overlapped territory and shared language and religion. This lead to the Hutus’ trying to kill off all the Tutsi’s.
What information did you find useful in the article?
I found it useful to learn why the Hutus wanted to kill off all the Tutsi’s around them. It also shows different parts of Africa that have to deal with genocide.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not.
Yes, I think it’s very helpful in the understanding of African genocide. It gives you the understanding of the combat going on between Africans.
Kayla Mason
Article title: The Uganda Genocide/ the International Respond
Author: Ana Vargas, Brody Evans, Ricky Ahumada and Taylor Wagner
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): First published 3/22/07
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it?
The genocide in Uganda started in 1960 and is still going on today. The killings have dramatically dropped and AIDS in now a major factor in genocide. People were killed for many different reasons and since 1960 one third of the population has been exterminated. Many people blame the LRA and Idi Amin for the start of African Genocide.
What information did you find useful in the article?
I found it useful that they included dates of the start of genocide and the numbers of people that were killed. That help me realize how long this is actually been going on and how many people were affected by it.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not.
Yes, like I said I found it very useful in understanding how long this has been taking place and how many people were affected.
Article title : The genocide continues in Darfur
Despite the dispatch of UN peacekeepers to Darfur and the issuing of international arrest warrants for leaders of the genocide, the killing goes on. So does the burning of villages, the bombing of schools and the systematic rape of women and girls. And it will continue until the Security Council shows the will to stop it.
The council needs to get more peacekeepers, helicopters and reconnaissance planes in the field, enforce the arrest warrants and increase diplomatic and financial pressure to get Sudan to stop obstructing the work of the peacekeepers. But the Council has shown little urgency in doing any of that.
Thwarted by Sudan and the United Nations' own bureaucratic rules, far less than half of an anticipated force of 26,000 international soldiers and police officers is now in Darfur. That is too small to protect the population, or even the peacekeepers themselves. An additional 100,000 people have been forced from their homes since the peacekeepers began arriving in January.
The council (and separately the European Union) must ensure that Khartoum's leaders pay a price for their cruelty - through expanded visa and financial sanctions against those coordinating the genocide as well as an expanded arms embargo. The International Criminal Court should get strong backing from the council when it presents further charges next month.
Responsibility for the Darfur horrors lies squarely with the government of Sudan. Its army, air force and intelligence agencies have directly participated in the attacks. Ministers have coordinated the genocidal campaign. Ahmad Harun, sought by the International Criminal Court for planning atrocities while the deputy interior minister, has been promoted to minister of humanitarian affairs. He used that position to block the delivery of aid to Darfur refugee camps and to thwart the effective deployment of UN peacekeepers.
Today in Opinion
America's next president: Barack Obama
Another thumb on the scales
So little time, so much damage
But a minority of council members, led by China, have let their economic interests - in Beijing's case substantial investments in Sudan's abundant oil supplies - trump their moral and legal responsibility to thwart genocide. Last week, China's president, Hu Jintao, used stronger-than-usual language to urge Khartoum to cooperate with UN peacekeepers and enforce a cease-fire in Darfur.
If China is prepared to back up those words with a tougher line in the Security Council, it could make a huge difference.
The Bush administration has its heart in the right place on Darfur.
Its special envoy, Richard Williamson, has been a strong advocate for action, and Washington has imposed stiff sanctions of its own. But what's needed is stronger action by the council as a whole.
Darfur's plight is not yet hopeless, but without greater international commitment it may become so. As the criminal court's prosecutor told the Security Council on June 5, it takes a lot of planning and organization to commit massive crimes.
"But mostly," he said, "it requires that the rest of the world look away and do nothing."
Article title : Genocide in Rwanda - 1994 - 800,000 Deaths
Beginning on April 6, 1994, and for the next hundred days, up to 800,000 Tutsis were killed by Hutu militia using clubs and machetes, with as many as 10,000 killed each day.
Rwanda is one of the smallest countries in Central Africa, with just 7 million people, and is comprised of two main ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi. Although the Hutus account for 90 percent of the population, in the past, the Tutsi minority was considered the aristocracy of Rwanda and dominated Hutu peasants for decades, especially while Rwanda was under Belgian colonial rule.
Following independence from Belgium in 1962, the Hutu majority seized power and reversed the roles, oppressing the Tutsis through systematic discrimination and acts of violence. As a result, over 200,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring countries and formed a rebel guerrilla army, the Rwandan Patriotic Front.
In 1990, this rebel army invaded Rwanda and forced Hutu President Juvenal Habyalimana into signing an accord that mandated that the Hutus and Tutsis would share power.
genocide in Rwanda
Article Title: Criminalising Aggression
Author: Kennedy Graham
Where article is from? New Zealand International Review; Nov2008, Vol. 33 Issue 6, p2-6, 5p
Summary: The article discusses the implications for New Zealand of moves to outlaw aggression. In the course of political history, aggression and conflict were accepted as a normal feature of societal and inter-societal life. With the International Crimes and Criminal Court Act 2002, it is a crime in domestic law for a New Zealand citizen to commit or order any act of genocide, war crime or crime against humanity.
Useful: This is a useful article because it explains how they are trying to prevent genocide in New Zealand.
Recommend: Yes I would recommend this article. While genocide is going on they are trying to prevent it also.
Article Title: THE ORDER OF GENOCIDE: RACE, POWER, AND WAR IN RWANDA.
Where Article is from? Africa Today; Summer2008, Vol. 54 Issue 4, p116-119, 4p
Author: Jennie Burnet
Summary: The article is about the book "The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda". It explains what went on during the war in Rwanda. Like how many people were killed, the causes of the genocide, and how things are being solved still to this day.
Useful?: Yes this article explained things I did not know before.
Recommend: Yes this is the article I actually retained information from.
Article title: Genocide in Darfur
Author: Salih Booker and Ann-Louise Colgan
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): The Nation/ July 12, 2004
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it?
The article is mainly about how in order to stop the genocide in Darfur Washington must first intervene. The Bush administration is hesitant to do anything because of the possible peace agreements between the north and the south. They also want to have access to oil in Sudan and are trying not to ruin their chances of gaining in on the wealth.
What information did you find useful in the article?
The information in this article wasn’t very useful. There wasn’t enough background, and it focused too much on what other countries should be doing, and not on what is actually happening in Darfur.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not.
I would not recommend this article to other students because all of this information can be found elsewhere. Also, it wasn’t very informative.
Article title: Making Genocide in Darfur Personal
Author: Ty Burr
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): The Boston Globe/ August 17, 2007
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it?
This article is about a documentary made that focuses on the genocide in Darfur. The documentary was made to raise awareness about the genocide. It also mentions the explicitness of his photos and how having them be shown can change a person’s view on the subject.
What information did you find useful in the article?
The information isn’t very useful, but it was interesting and worth the read.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not.
I would recommend it to other students because I thought it seemed like an interesting documentary, and it was intriguing to read about.
Article title: Backlash against Market-Dominant Minorities
Author: Amy Chua
In numerous situations, "democratization in the face of a market dominant minority has led the to government-encouraged attempts to "cleanse" the country in the minority altogether." On of the stategies that the government takes to do so is genocide. Most of the time genocide is triggered by a, "economic crisis, a border war, or the fortuitous rise of a particularly effective, hate-filled demagogue."
Title of Article: The Rwandan Genocide
Author: Amy Chua
The Rwanda Genocide is a great example of, "the most extreme form od majority-supported, democracy-assisted efforts to exterminate an economically dominant ethnic minority." Rwanda is city in Africa is about 85 percent Hutus (cultivators) and 14 percent Tutsis (herdsmen). When a Tutsis leader, Mwame Kigeri Rwabugiri ascended the Rwandan throne, "the stratification between Hutus and Tutsis intensified." Rwanda became od feudal kingdom where the Tutsis were the overlords and the Hutus were their vassals. This caused turmoil between the people,which led to the Rwanda Genocide.
Article 3 : genocide without borders
The village is still smouldering. A girl combs through the remains of a burnt-down hut with her bare hands, trying to salvage knife blades and rakes that were not consumed by the fire. Two women, with tears in their eyes, have broken down in front of a pile of ash, wailing violently.
A band of youths is patrolling the ruins near Koukou-Angarana, bows and arrows slung over their shoulders, boomerangs and knives at the ready. But their decision to form a self-defence group has come too late. The Arab horsemen who swept through the village on their bloody rampage have long since vanished.
It is a tragically familiar scene in Darfur, the province of western Sudan where more than 200,000 people have been killed and at least two million brutally forced from their homes - a genocide unleashed and sustained by the Islamist government in Khartoum - but this man-made inferno now sweeping across the plains is taking place across the Sudanese border in Chad. The pattern is identical to events in Darfur, where the well-armed Arab raiders allied to the Sudanese government set villages ablaze, rape the women, and leave a trail of dead black Africans in their wake. Just as in Darfur, the Sudanese government is being accused of being behind the violence in Chad, an accusation which is rejected by Khartoum.
Mahamat Abdurasset surveys the steaming rubble of Aradipe, a remote Chadian village close to the Sudanese border. His village was attacked by a force of 500 Arab militiamen. "We knew most of them. They are from this village," said Mr Abdurasset, the leader of the self-defence group, pointing to a cluster of huts right next to Aradipe.
About 90,000 Chadians have fled their villages to find shelter in nearby towns, with many of them arriving in camps already crowded with 232,000 refugees who fled the violence in Darfur.
The wave of ethnic cleansing began in eastern Chad at the end of last month. But the most recent attacks around the small town of Koukou-Angarana have raised the stakes. For the first time, the Arab militia have targeted camps for refugees and internally displaced people. And for the first time the Chadian army, which until last week was engaged in a campaign against several rebel groups in the Abeche region, 250 miles north of here, took on the militia.
In the latest violence yesterday, the houses of local aid workers living in Koukou-Angarana were burnt down.
Over the weekend, several villages around Koukou-Angarana, and the outskirts of the town, were raided. The Chadian Communications Minister, Hourmadji Moussa Doumgor, said 40 people were killed in the raids on the settlements of Aradipe and Habile. He said eight Chadian soldiers had their eyes gouged out and one civilian was burnt to death. The claims of mutilations could not be independently verified. The United Nations refugee agency said that during heavy fighting around Habile, 22 villagers and internally displaced Chadians were killed, and 93 homes were burnt.
According to Mr Abdurasset, whose village is four miles east of Koukou-Angarana, two columns of Arabs made their first attack on Aradipe on Friday morning. "They were armed with automatic rifles and bazookas and rode on horses and camels," he said. "Some of them were in Sudanese uniforms. They shot at everything that moved, and then drove our cattle away."
On Friday evening, he said, the Arabs evacuated their women and children and packed up their belongings from the neighbouring village, which, a day later, stood untouched and eerily quiet. The next morning, the Arabs attacked Aradipe again and burnt it down.
Most of the villagers had fled on Friday to the Goz Amer refugee camp, which already houses more than 18,000 Darfur refugees. The camp was attacked and partially burnt. Eight Sudanese were killed, said Chadian officials.
"We had very good relations with the Arabs in the nearby village. There were even a few inter-marriages," Mr Abdurasset said, as other young men nodded in agreement. "The trouble started at the end of November, when the Arabs prevented us from going to our fields and threatened attacks on our village."
As he spoke, thick white plumes of smoke were billowing on the horizon. Mr Abdurasset said the smoke was rising from the next village, five miles away. "We have reports that is being attacked right now," he said.
Koukou-Angarana has taken in 8,000 displaced Chadians in recent weeks. At army headquarters in the town, Bourdami Abdurahman, the mayor, echoed his government's accusation that the Sudanese government wants to annex eastern Chad. "The Sudanese government has forged a coalition of 21 Chadian ethnic groups who consider themselves Arabs. Khartoum wants to transform Chad into a fundamentalist Islamic country," he said.
The Communications Minister, said yesterday that the Chadian army took four prisoners, while the mayor said that soldiers had captured new weapons from the militia. They say this bolsters their claim that the Sudanese government is arming the Janjaweed militia and the Chadian rebels, who are fighting to end the 16-year rule of President Idriss Déby. Chadian officials, however, have produced no proof of their claims. So the Arab militia remain strangely faceless, since the attackers carry their injured from the battlefield and retrieve their dead in the night.
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article title : Africa: Genocide Survivors Should Be Given Fundamental Right to Live
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The New Times (Kigali)
OPINION
18 April 2008
Posted to the web 18 April 2008
Emmy Nuwamanya
Kigali
Rwanda like most African countries is undergoing a remarkable change in many fields. Though not immune to some challenges, Rwanda has also managed to establish good governance and democracy.
Surprisingly though, many foreign nations are borrowing a leaf from the post genocide Rwanda. This is definitely a symbol of success that the country can boast for. The whole world had correctly realized that human dignity had lost meaning during the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
Challenges however, are still enormous as survivours are still being pursued by those who never accomplished their grave mission. The aftermath of a horrific crime against humanity cannot easily die down; widows and orphans are many and need help.
David MacRae, who headed a Delegation of the European Commission which was in Rwanda in September 2007 said:
"Rwanda has experienced the worst not very long ago, today with you, it is experiencing the best".
The 'best' which is even seen by the international community will receive more recognition if all Rwandans themselves first respect human dignity in full. We need to prepare a bright future by respect human rights.
Rwanda continues to have children who have experienced a difficult social back ground; as war orphans, poverty, diseases, and lack of foster families.
Giving such children a chance to live and helping other vulnerable groups of people, would be a serious step in fighting for human dignity.
Most children need adult mentors as witnessed in Ngoma Village, of the southern province that has about 167 genocide orphans living in child headed households.
Orphans, country wide face enormous problems that include preparing meals and school work at the same time. They lead a scaring solitude life.
"Every time we approach holidays I develop bad feelings about finding an empty and an insecure home", said one of the 85 orphans at Gisimba memorial Orphanage in Nyamirambo. At local level, more efforts are needed to identify standing issues affecting genocide survivours and other vulnerable groups. Survivours' rights including the universal one, to live, must be respected.
What is encouraging however is that different organizations are addressing this issue with great zeal. This of course does not rule out the fact that there much to do in handling people who are still pursuing and killing survivours.
They must be dealt with, seriously. As remarked by the president of IBUKA association during the function to mark the fourteenth anniversary of the Tutsi Genocide; the unspeakable behaviour requires much attention and measures to protect Tutsi survivours so that they may remain with a pride to be Rwandans.
"Fourteen years after this painful history, every mourning period has tried to change the lives of many Rwandans. Most Rwandans unlike in the early post genocide period have started striving to achieve lasting improvements in the quality of life they were deprived of, during the bad regimes that promoted the genocide ideology", IBUKA president.
Rwanda, now seen as a visionary country and having tied with many nations and organizations, brings hope in uniting citizens, adding meaning and value to their lives.
It has streamlined the justice system to accommodate the needs of perpetrators and those of the survivours at the same time.
Indeed, many survivours, Rwandans in general and the international community believe that justice together with the process of unity and reconciliation will prolong the cause for respecting human dignity. The international community will have no option but to cooperate and help Rwanda in its development programs, as stated in the Rwandan Millennium Development Goals.
International and national humanitarian organizations that have always promoted the rights and interests of the world's vulnerable groups, including children and widows, also need to be relied on, in promoting advocacy for their community centered development activities.
The possibility to have all people respecting each other and giving chance for positive changes is still being hampered by the genocide ideology.
Many people have always asked themselves why, one, after being pardoned for the worst crimes against humanity, still goes on to kill the same person who has undertaken this merciful gesture.
Relevant Links
Central Africa
International Organizations and Africa
Rwanda
Sustainable Development
Despite all this, Rwanda remains optimistic that at some point, all we be alright and the society will be free from genocide related crimes.
Kayla Mason
Article title: Refusing to be Silent
Author: Leslie Ann Murray
Where article is from (journal title, issue #, etc.): New York Amsterdam News, 00287121, 8/16/2007, Vol. 98, Issue 34
Write 3 or 4 sentences summarizing the article. What is the gist of it?
This article is about a woman named Jacqueline Murekatete. She is the only survivor in her family after all of them were killed in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Jacqueline is trying to show everyone that genocide in a global crime and is the worst crime of all and that it just doesn’t occur in Africa. You are basically being killed for being yourself and that’s just wrong.
What information did you find useful in the article?
Yes because you got a chance to listen to a story of a victim of genocide instead of just statistics about it. I also learned that genocide takes place all over the world and not just in Africa.
Would you recommend it to other students? Why or why not.
Yes I would recommend it to other students because it gives you a feel of how this poor woman has to live her life now because she and her family were victims of genocide.
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